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August 1969 Electronics World
Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Electronics World, published May 1959
- December 1971. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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APC-7
(Amphenol Precision Connector - 7 mm) coaxial connectors were standard on network
analyzers by the time I entered the microwave design and manufacturing field in
the late 1980s. The test equipment we used for maintaining the S-band airport surveillance
radar in the USAF (early 1980s) used
N coax connectors,
and I cannot recall what was used for the X-band precision approach radar. SMA coax
connectors were developed in the 1960s, same as the APC-7 connectors, but I don't
remember seeing an SMA until I started working for General Electric Aerospace Electronics
Systems Division in Utica, New York, after graduating from the University of Vermont
in 1989. GE was also where I was introduced to APC-7 connectors. The 'genderless-ness'
of them surprised me. Mr. Patrick Fitzgerald, my friend and mentor at GE, introduced
me to the proper use and care of an APC-7 connector as they were part of the S-parameter
test set on the HP8510c network analyzer. This article introducing the APC-7 coaxial
connector appeared in a 1969 issue of Electronics World magazine.
New Coax Connector Tops Performance Records
Close-up of the new 7-mm, 50-ohm precision coaxial connectors.
The 7-mm dimension refers to the inside diameter of the outer conductor of the matching
rigid coax.
By Henry Pessah
Advanced Product Planning Mgr., Amphenol RF Div.
The price of some high-frequency connectors may seem ridiculously high but let's
look at the performance one obtains. Let's also take a look at the design and manufacturing
costs and the rather involved testing techniques.
"Thirty-five dollars for just one coaxial connector? Why?" Many electronics engineers,
used to paying 55 cents for a standard type of coaxial connector, ask this question.
However, the one we are talking about is the 7-mm, 50-ohm "precision connector."
The key is performance. The connector offers constant impedance (50 ohms ±0.1
ohm) over a frequency range of 0 to 18 GHz, and s.w.r. (standing-wave ratio) for
a mated pair is less than 1.003 + (0.002 X frequency in GHz). For example, 1.003
+ (0.002 X 18) = 1.039 s.w.r. at 18 GHz. The connector also offers r.f, leakage
better than 120 dB (this is the ratio of the leakage of a mated pair to the signal
level), electrical length held to ±0.002 in, and low contact resistance: 1.0 milliohm
for the inner contact; 0.1 milliohm for the outer. Insertion loss (dB) for a mated
pair is less than 0.007*sqrt(freq. GHz). For example, at 16.0 GHz, loss is 0.028
dB.
"Yes, but who needs performance like that?" is the next question.
The answer is summed up by John Cardoza, product manager of Hewlett-Packard's
Microwave Division:
"Rapid advances in microwave technology, triggered to a large extent by the application
of solid-state devices and techniques, have brought about the need for measurement
techniques and equipment which will give the microwave engineer more information
about design - and with significantly higher measurement accuracies. With the advent
of solid-state devices for microwave applications (such as "bulk-effect" oscillators,
microwave transistors, thin-film amplifiers and mixers, etc.), the equipment or
systems designer can now achieve his end product by combining or cascading smaller,
"simpler" devices and networks. If the over-all design objectives are to be achieved,
the designer must be able to completely characterize the individual elements or
networks so that their performance in the final system is fully predictable, and
he must be able to do this characterization simply, rapidly, and accurately over
wide frequency ranges.
"One of the objectives of the Hewlett-Packard Network Analyzer, designed to fill
this need, was to make it one of the most accurate phase and amplitude measuring
instruments. For this reason it was decided to use the new precision connectors.
These are some of the reasons for the choice:
"1. The connectors offer the lowest s.w.r. over the widest coaxial bandwidth
now available. This results in lower mismatch errors when making transmission and
reflection coefficient measurements.
"2. Phase measurements require a precisely determined reference plane. The connector's
singular and nonambiguous mating plane makes it ideal for the precision now required
in phase measurements.
"3. The connectors are also employed on high directivity broad-band couplers
used in the reflection tests units for reflection-coefficient measurements. Again,
the low s.w.r. was one of the critical characteristics in achieving the high directivity
needed for accurate impedance measurements in broad-band coaxial systems.
"4. Because designers must often make measurements in other connector configurations,
availability of low s.w.r. adapters is important. Adapters from precision connectors
to type N, SMA, TNC, GR900, etc., provide the analyzer user this flexibility."
Fig. 1. Assembly drawing of the 7-mm coaxial connector.
The mechanical tolerances are held to 0.0001-inch and manufacturing is done in clean
room.
The applications horizon for the precision connectors is widening. It now appears
on nearly all types of precision test instruments.
In equipping modern test instruments with these connectors, orders of magnitude
improvement in residual error have been accomplished in the measuring system. Even
for capacitance, resistance, and inductance standards operating at lower frequencies,
the fixed plane and controlled residuals in precision connectors have added considerably
to ultimate accuracy. In the microwave region, coaxial measurements can now be made
with precision heretofore possible only in waveguide systems.
Achieving the Performance
To achieve high performance, mechanical tolerances required in the connector
manufacturing process were carefully chosen. Both the inner and outer coaxial cross-section
diameters had to be held to tolerances of 100 microinches. These tolerances were
necessary to maintain proper impedance, electrical length, and to avoid excessive
tolerance build-ups on assembled component parts which could result in the electrical
degradation of the connector. Fits among the airline, connector body, bead assembly,
and contact assembly have to be extremely close in order to avoid degeneration due
to eccentricity of the center conductor.
For any connector manufacturer to achieve this, a properly controlled environment
is necessary. For example, the 7-mm precision connectors are manufactured in a clean,
positive-pressure area where temperature is maintained at 70° ±2°F.
To manufacture the connector economically, precision machining methods and instrumentation
capable of holding close tolerances had to be developed: Included are Swiss Bechler
automatic screw machines, Kummer automatic chuckers, and a Harding lathe with an
automatic sequencing attachment. In the manufacturing process, every attempt had
to be made to eliminate human variability in critical assembly operations. This
was the purpose of the automatic devices. The utilization of automatic equipment
not only lends itself to economic production, but assures a uniform product within
the necessary close dimensional limits. The Amphenol production facility is capable
of holding length and diameter dimensions within 0.0001 of an inch. And tolerances
of this kind are a "must." Should they vary even slightly, the s.w.r. of the connector
can jump drastically.
Critical Inspection
Engineer uses special microwave network analyzer to check reflection
coefficient of an X-band filter. The test instrument is equipped with the new APC-7
precision connectors.
Naturally, the close tolerances of the 7-mm connector necessitate unusual inspection
methods. Mechanical inspection of critical dimensions on connector parts is done
with air gages, precision dial indicators, and by optical methods (comparator and
microscopes).
In fact, the inspection comprises a large percentage of the total connector cost;
but the use of air gages helps appreciably in keeping this cost down. These gages
are capable of measuring dimensions to 50 millionths of an inch. One air gage has
three outputs and is capable of measuring three separate dimensions simultaneously.
Without these gages, it could take hours to make the measurements. However, measuring
the three critical dimensions with an air gage takes only seconds, and is far more
accurate. The air gages also enable technicians to measure TIR (Total Indicator
Reading), or the concentricity of the connector. This is simply the relationship
of one diameter to the other.
Electrically, the connector is tested using the half wave-length substitution
method. A 5.9-in (electrical) length of 7-mm rigid airline with a precision connector
at each end is used. At every gigahertz, this assembly is some multiple of a half
wavelength; for example, two wavelengths at 1 GHz. Connectors are checked for s.w.r.
at 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 GHz.
Each connector is individually tested in this manner, then packed with a test
certificate in a special shock-proof container for shipment to the customer.
New Sexless Philosophy
One of the most interesting characteristics of the precision connectors, as contrasted
with most coaxials, is its "sexless" design. Any 7-mm precision connector will mate
with any other in the field. This design also eliminates the problem which most
other connectors have to live with, that is, the problem of destructively interfering
or distorting each other. For example, typical dimensional distortion occurs in
type-N connectors. As the pin enters the contact fingers, it presses the fingers
sideways or otherwise distorts the inner conductor of the contact. Another connector
could have a pin within the tolerance range which could act in an entirely different
manner.
One of the most important features of the sexless philosophy is that it provides
a very precise electrical and mechanical reference plane for mating both the inner
and outer conductors; and it is this feature which makes the precision connectors
so attractive in the lower frequency regions as well.
How It All Started
Obviously, the precision connector didn't just "happen." Credit should really
go to the IEEE Committee on Precision Connectors, a part of the Group on Instrumentation
and Measurements. This committee worked with both the test instrument and connector
industries to develop specifications for an improved-performance connector, one
which would be capable of true interface over a wide frequency spectrum with the
broadest possible line of coaxial test instruments.
The committee set up the basic requirements for the connector, namely the "sexless"
design, fixed the reference plane concept, and the specific electrical performance
characteristics - s.w.r. and the like - which have been discussed in light of the
Amphenol APC-7.
The workings of a typical 7-mm precision connector are explained graphically
in Fig. 1. Note that the retaining ring can be screwed forward by coupling-nut
action. This provides the mating alignment sleeve for the other connector (which
has its retaining ring stored in the coupling nut). In this fashion the "sexless"
junction is achieved. The outer conductor is mated by a butt action and is constructed
of a beryllium copper alloy to provide high tensile strength. It is also gold plated
to yield good over-all conductivity. The inner conductor joint - the secret of precision
connector success - consists of a spring-action collet which produces a spring-butt
joint located at the inner conductor.
Precision Adapters Available
Precision APC-7 adapters for the more conventional connectors (such as type N,
TNC, BNC, and the new SMA series) are now available. By using these adapters, the
full potential of the connector series is obtained. Although the APC-7 precision
connectors are intended mainly for use as instrument connectors mounted on airline
or the equivalent semi-rigid precision cables, less-precise flexible cables have
been fitted with APC-7 cable connectors to allow direct electrical connection to
existing laboratory and permanent system test apparatus.
Also available are Economy APC-7 jacks, plugs, and flange-mounted receptacles.
These designs have the same electrical performance as the APC-7, but the coupling
mechanisms are not "sexless"; while the signal-carrying portions of these connectors
are identical to the APC-7, the mechanical-coupling arrangements are either male
or female as in any series of threaded coaxial connectors. Prices for these high-performance
connectors are only a fraction of the cost of the APC-7 precision connector de-scribed
above.
Becoming a Standard
The frequency range of the 7-mm connectors - 0 to 18 GHz-covers the bulk of the
frequency spectrum which affects most electronics engineers both from an r.f, and
a short-pulse standpoint. With increasing emphasis on extremely short pulses in
new computer applications, coupled with better performance in the microwave region,
it's not hard to understand why the precision connector is becoming a unifying force
for the entire electronic instrumentation industry. This is especially true in those
particular areas where very exact measurements must be made and very low standing-wave
ratios must be maintained.
Posted July 30, 2024
(updated from original post
on 8/11/2017)
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